“Risk factors are not predictive factors because of protective factors.”
-Dr. Robert Sege
Risk and protective factors are phrases we hear often when working with families. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), risk factors are characteristics that may increase the likelihood of experiencing adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), while protective factors are characteristics that may decrease the likelihood of ACEs. Risk factors alone do not determine outcomes because protective factors play a crucial role in mitigating potential negative effects. While risk factors may increase the likelihood of adverse events, protective factors, such as positive childhood experiences (PCEs), can reduce these risks. In the graphic, we will explore the differences between ACEs and PCEs to better understand the effects on individuals.
| ACEs | PCEs | |
| Definition | Experiences that are potentially traumatic occur between ages 0-17. The 10 Adverse Childhood Experiences include: Physical abuse Sexual abuse Emotional abuse Physical neglect Emotional neglect Mental illness in a family member Divorce Substance abuse in the environment Violence against your mother Witnessing violence in the home | Experiences that stem from safe, stable, nurturing relationships and environments, and have the power to prevent or protect children from traumatic events, toxic stress, and Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs). PCEs reduce the effects of ACEs. |
| Impacts | Linked to higher risk of chronic diseases More likely to suffer from depression, anxiety, and PTSD Can result in behavioral problems such as aggression, delinquency, and difficulties in school Higher rates of risky behaviors like smoking, alcohol, and drug use Can lead to lower income levels and increased likelihood of unemployment | Lower likelihood of developing depression and other mental health issues in adulthood Help build resilience and better ability to cope with stress and adversity Promote healthier lifestyles and reduce risk of chronic diseases Foster stronger social skills and ability to form healthy, supportive relationships Linked to higher educational attainment and greater economic stability |
| How it is Measured | ACE International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ) ACEs are categorized into 10 types. Each type counts as one point. A score of 0 indicates no exposure, while a score of 10 indicates exposure to all trauma categories. | Research on Positive Childhood Experiences has gained traction over the past years. There are multiple measurements used to assess PCEs: Positive Childhood Experiences (PCEs) Scale Benevolent Childhood Experiences Screener The Four Building Blocks of HOPE Narrative therapy techniques |
| Examples of what this includes | Physical abuse Sexual abuse Emotional abuse Abandonment or neglect Exposure to domestic violence | Belief that family stood by them during difficult times Feeling safe and protected by an adult in the home Feeling of belonging Feeling of being supported by friends |
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Mitigating adverse childhood experiences is crucial. However, we should allocate more resources and time to fostering positive childhood experiences, adopting a proactive and preventative approach to family well-being. The American Journal of Public Health speaks to how upstream solutions need to understand the “important roles of social capital, collective efficacy, community organizing, and empowerment of community residents as agents of change for improving community conditions that impact health.” This strategy emphasizes comprehensive well-being, resilience building, and holistic development. By prioritizing these aspects, we can support families in creating nurturing and supportive environments that promote long-term health and happiness.
For further learning, explore The Institute for Family’s Center for Learning free, interactive training, Unveiling Trauma and Addition: Part 1, which provides additional researched-based insights into what ACEs are and their impacts on families.
References
If you have any questions or comments about the content in this Lightbulb Moment article, please get in touch with our Research Lead, Madeline Attianese, at mattianese@chsnc.org.
